This bibliographic style is preferred by the scientific community, and is a favorite with the instructors at the Medical Center Campus. For additional information see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (REF BF76.7.P83 2001) or ask a librarian.

 

EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES IN APA STYLE

PERIODICALS

Journals, magazines and newspapers are not cited the same way. If you understand the differences between them you will be able to cite them correctly.

JOURNALS: They are published for an audience of professionals in a specific field. The issues usually contain a volume and number. Frequently, you find the use of continuous pagination throughout that volume in which case you do not need to cite the issue number.

EXAMPLES:

JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH CONTINUOUS PAGINATION:

Hogstel, A.L., Smith, D.M., & McFrugal, J. (1993). The effect of smoking on teenage 

pregnancy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 774-786.

 

JOURNAL ARTICLE PAGINATED BY ISSUE:

Millam, D.A. (1993). How to teach good venipuncture technique. American Journal

of Nursing, 93(7), 38-41.

 

MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS: They are published for the reading pleasure of the general public and are usually not scholarly in nature. The date is to be included in the citation.

EXAMPLES:

MAGAZINE:

Fink, M. (1995, July 17). The insider. People Weekly, 444, 33.

NEWSPAPER:

Tanfani, J. (1993, July 28). Metro ok's $20 million for track. Miami Herald, p. B1.

 

BOOKS

EXAMPLES:

SINGLE AUTHOR, THIRD EDITION:

Crowley, L.V. (1992). Introduction to human disease (3rd ed.). Boston: Jones

and Bartlett.

EDITED WORK, MULTI-VOLUME:

Magill, F.N. (Ed.). (1968). Masterplots comprehensive library edition (Vols. 1-8). 

New York:  Salem Press.

NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR:

Neurologic disorders. (1984). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.

CORPORATE AUTHOR, TWELFTH EDITION:

American Medical Association. (1993). Drug evaluations (12th ed.). Philadelphia:

Author.

ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK:

Cherniack, N. S. (1990). Abnormalities of the control of breathing. In John J. Hutton

(Ed.), Internal medicine (pp. 571-579). Boston: Little, Brown and Company

  .

 

ELECTRONIC MEDIA

EXAMPLES:

ARTICLE FROM AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE:

Tator, C., Carson, J. D., & Cushman, R. (2000) Hockey injuries of the spine

in Canada, 1966 - 1996. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal,

162(6), 787-792. Retrieved November 15, 2000, from EBSCOhost 

database (Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition).

WEB PAGE 

Benson Foundation. (2002). Become a member. Retrieved August 6, 2002,

from http://www.benson.org/member.html

Stand-alone document (no author identified, no date) 

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

 http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/ usersurveys/survey1997-10/

E-BOOKS (netLibrary)

Sacks, T. J., (1998). Careers in nursing. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Contemporary. Retrieved

September 30, 2002, from netLibrary database.

Personal Communications

E-mail and personal conversations

Electronic correspondence and the like are cited as personal communications in the text. Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

EXAMPLE:

 (A. C. Bush, personal communication, June 12, 1997)

 

  AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA

For films, videotapes, audiotapes, slides, charts, and works of art, specify the medium
in brackets immediately after the title.

 EXAMPLE:

Rambasek, P. (Producer/Director). (1998). Diabetes in pregnancy: Caring for 

the childbearing woman [Motion picture]. Boston, Mass.: Tolymorph Films.

 

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QUOTATIONS

Include short quotations (fewer than 40 words) in text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks:

EXAMPLES:

He stated, "Blood is essential to transporting oxygen and nutrients" (Crowley, 1992, p. 347), therefore this should be considered when studying the composition and function of human blood.

Or

The American Medical Association (2000, ¶ 3) stated that "the volume of blood, which varies with the size of the individual is about five quarts in the average man".

 

A quotation of more than 40 words is presented in a free-standing block of lines. Omit the quotation marks:

EXAMPLE:

Chemiack (1990) best describes the following:
	When respiratory function is severely impaired, these control systems may be unable to maintain arterial blood gases at normal levels. Indeed pulmonary disorders are the usual cause of persistent hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or hypocapnia, but frequently abnormalities are caused by a combination of impaired pulmonary performance and control system inadequacies. (p.571)

 

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CITING WITHIN YOUR TEXT

At times, you will use ideas from authors yet not actually quote them. When you write in APA style you must give credit to your source of information within the text and then cite the item in your list of references.

EXAMPLE:

According to Levy (1990) during the early 1900's many young artists congregated in Paris at the 'BateauLavoir', a vast building that was damp, dirty and without running water or electricity. Young and poor artists lived there as one big family...

 

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REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE

The references in the "Reference List" should be arranged alphabetically. Instructions and examples appear in the APA Manual on page 215.

Disease  8  References American Medical Association. (2000). Your health today. Retrieved August 6, 2002,  from http://www.ama-assn.org/yourhealth.html. Cherniack, N. S. (1990). Abnormalities of the control of breathing. In John J. Hutton (Ed.),   Internal medicine (pp. 571-579). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Crowley, L.V. (1992). Introduction to human disease (3rd ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett. Levy, L. (1990). Picasso. New York: Henry Holt & Co.