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- Rather than an artistic style, modernism was a rebellious state of m=
ind
that questioned all artistic, scientific, social, and moral conventi=
ons.
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- by embracing nihilism
- by rejecting every system of belief
- by believing in the self-sufficiency of each individual work of art<=
/li>
- by adopting primitivism
- by exploring perversity
- by focusing on the city rather than nature
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- Modernists viewed the world, and especially human existence, as being
meaningless.
- Modernists rejected the belief that morality and organized religion
provided the means for social evolution and/or the betterment of man=
.
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- Modernists questioned all accepted systems:
- the sciences
- political/social/economic paradigms
- the arts, especially the Academy
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- Art was not to be judged on the old standard of mimesis, the literal
representation of reality.
- Art needed to be judged on an individual basis.
- Art should be judged on the basis of how well an artist is able to
communicate the purpose of the work as well as the relationship betw=
een
meaning and form.
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- Each country had its Academy, an institution that judged what was pr=
oper
and what was not in the depiction of reality.
- The Academy saw its task as the education of artists in the practice=
of
an idealizing art in the classical (or classicizing) tradition.
- The Academy was a school as well as a regulatory body.
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- Goal of the artist was to achieve perfection through the following:<=
/li>
- a highly polished style
- use of historical or mythological subject matter
- a moralistic tone
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- systematically and deliberately developed an art that testifies to a=
ll
that is strange, unknown, and unlabeled in the self
- created a new language of images that described the inexpressible
- expected the viewer/reader to interact with the work
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- Modernists rejected technology and the rigidity of society and its
institutions.
- Modernists embraced the natural primal roots of primitive man.
- Modernists embodied the pursuit of personal and artistic freedom.
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- Modernists explored the uncivilized nature of man.
- Modernists suggested that being “civilized” was merely a
veneer that quickly vanishes.
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- Modernists shifted away from nature.
- Modernists explored the city as a place of lonely crowds and
marginalized individuals.
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- technology and the new science
- the new philosophical
paradigms
- F.H. Bradley
- Alfred Whitehead
- Albert Einstein
- the new psychological paradigms
- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
- Henri Bergson
- the new geo-political paradigms
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- generated optimism
- created dynamic industrial and urban growth
- accelerated the way life is experienced
- shrank distances through new communication and transportation system=
s
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- The New Perception of External Reality
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- Modern thinkers broke with the belief in classical mechanics.
- Newton had asserted that space and time were absolute.
- Modernists, on the other hand, questioned objective reality.
- Instead, the modernists embraced subjectivity.
- Observations about reality are observer-dependent.
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- Reality is not absolute.
- An object’s appearance varies depending on from what angle it =
is
being viewed.
- To really understand an object, one has to view it from several poin=
ts
of view.
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Alfred Whitehea=
d: Process and Reality=
div>
- Reality is not static but in a state of flux, always in the process =
of
becoming.
- No object exists in a vacuum—rather “there is no element
whatever which possesses this character of simple location.”=
li>
- Each object is relevant to its surroundings in that it is in the pro=
cess
of becoming another object.
- Matter, space, and time are all interrelated.
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- Space and time are relative; only the speed of light is constant.
- There is no such thing as a favored point of view.
- Color is relative.
- A universal present moment does not exist.
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- Only “local” time exists.
- Moving clocks run slower than stationary clocks.
- Two perfectly synchronized clocks would differ according to their
respective speeds.
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- Time slows as one approaches the speed of light.
- The present moment expands from a narrow sliver until it encompasses
both the past and the future.
- At light speed, time ceases to change because it contains all change=
.
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- Creates the illusion that perspective has flattened
- Space between objects is truncated
- Figures begin to look two-dimensional
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- The New Perception of Internal Reality
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- expanded the definition of sexuality
- defined the major components of personality
- created a dynamic psychology based on the interaction of the id, the
ego, and the superego
- defined the importance of the unconscious
- created psychoanalysis, a science that uncovers the personality’s secrets=
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- based psychology on the collective unconscious, the inherited
memories of the race=
li>
- developed archetypes to explain human behavior
- explained how archetypes are expressed in fairy tales, myths, and
artistic endeavors
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- defined human experience through duration, psychological time consis=
ting
of the constant flow from the past into the future rather than a
succession of chronological instants
- believed that reality is a past that constantly becomes something ne=
w
- held that intuition is the most trustworthy guide to understanding=
li>
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- industrialization
- social and psychological fragmentation
- alienation
- class warfare
- economic interdependence
- colonialism
- cultural cross-fertilization
- nationalism
- war
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